Osteology

Description

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 28. Chapters: Bone, Human skeleton, Phosphate homeostasis, Mineralized tissues, Bone fracture, Bone healing, Mechanostat, Harold Frost, HY box, Osteoid, Osteometry, Forensic osteology, Osteosynthesis, Primary bone, Osseoaponeurotic. Excerpt: Phosphate homeostasis is the bringing of phosphate in any form into a cell and when needed transporting phosphate out of the cell to maintain homeostasis for that cell. In the extracellular region near the plasma membrane, portions of membrane-associated molecules wait to capture phosphate and transport it into the cell. The phosphate may occur as inorganic orthophosphate particles or be part of an organic molecule (organophosphate). Due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element in nature. Phosphates are found pervasively in biology. Phosphate is a component of DNA and RNA and an essential element for all living cells. Phosphate metabolism is the complete set of phosphate chemical reactions that occur in living cells. Phosphorus (as phosphate usually) is often a limiting nutrient in many environments; i.e. the availability of phosphorus governs the rate of growth of many organisms. Living cells also use phosphate to transport cellular energy via adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Nearly every cellular process that uses energy obtains it in the form of ATP. Inside a cell, phosphate may be structural to a nucleic acid or phospholipid, form high-energy ester bonds (e.g., in adenosine triphosphate), or participate in signaling. Outside the cell, phosphate may be dissolved in extracellular fluid (ECF) or form structures such as bone and teeth. In medicine, low phosphate syndromes are caused by malnutrition, by failure to absorb phosphate, and by metabolic syndromes which draw phosphate from the blood or pass too much of it into the urine. All are characterized by hypophosphate... (Description from external book data)

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